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Retrieved 12 July General Directorate of Mapping. Gazete Banka. Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 14 September Official Gazette in Turkish. Tepebaşı, Eskişehir in Eskişehir Province of Turkey.
Alpu Beylikova Çifteler Günyüzü Han İnönü Mahmudiye Mihalgazi Mihalıççık Odunpazarı Sarıcakaya Seyitgazi Sivrihisar Tepebaşı. Districts of Eskişehir.
List of provinces by region. Balıkesir Çanakkale Edirne Kırklareli Tekirdağ. Afyonkarahisar Aydın Denizli İzmir Kütahya Manisa Muğla Uşak. Bilecik Bolu Bursa Düzce Eskişehir Kocaeli Sakarya Yalova. Ankara Karaman Konya. Adana Antalya Burdur Hatay Isparta Kahramanmaraş Mersin Osmaniye. Aksaray Kayseri Kırıkkale Kırşehir Nevşehir Niğde Sivas Yozgat. Amasya Bartın Çankırı Çorum Karabük Kastamonu Samsun Sinop Tokat Zonguldak.
Artvin Giresun Gümüşhane Ordu Rize Trabzon. Ağrı Ardahan Bayburt Erzincan Erzurum Iğdır Kars. Bingöl Bitlis Elazığ Hakkâri Malatya Muş Tunceli Van. Adıyaman Ls8bet İncelemeleri Diyarbakır Gaziantep Kilis Mardin Siirt Şanlıurfa Şırnak.
Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. Thirty-nine patients reported hemodialysis, 35 reported over two dental visits, 25 reported over three barber visits, 29 reported having an HBV-positive spouse, 28 reported living with an HBsAg-positive parent, 11 reported hospital stays, 3 reported blood transfusions hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo were multiple transfusions4 reported piercings 3 were earrings, 1 was a nasal piercing2 reported circumcisions, 2 reported multiple sex partners, and 1 reported commercial sex use.
Nine 6. No patient declared homosexual activity, having tattoos, narcotic use, intravenous drug use, commercial sex work, or an HCW job. By logistic regression analysis of the two groups, hemodialysis, having an HBV-positive spouse, living with HBsAg-positive parent, and male gender were found to be independent risk factors for acquisition of HBV. Table 1 shows the results of the multivariate analysis for HBV infection. When the identified risk factors were analyzed, females had a significantly higher risk for acquiring the virus from their positive spouse.
However, males experienced no such pattern. Mottobet Rulet Oynayın with an HBsAg-positive parent and undergoing hemodialysis were significant risk https://greenhouse-coffee.com/4-casino/elexbet-renk-seiminin-baars-70.php for patients aged under 30 and over 31 years, respectively.
Table 2 and Table 3 show the statistical analysis of the risk factors, based on patient age and gender. The public health burden of HBV infection hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo due almost entirely to its long-term effects on liver function. In addition to health problems, these diseases cause broader social and economic problems. Although it is very difficult to measure, the total cost of HBV might be hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo magnitudes greater.
HBV is acquired by percutaneous and mucosal exposure to the body fluids of an infected person. However, there is considerable variation in transmission mode between geographic areas and populations [ 2 ]. Correspondingly, in addition to the predominance of sexual transmission in adults, Hahné et al. Hutin and colleagues [ 15 ] emphasized nosocomial transmission, reporting that injections in health care settings are a major source of HBV transmission in Moldova, a result of the widespread reuse of inadequately sterilized single-use syringes.
In this study, we determined that hemodialysis, marriage to an HBsAg-positive person, and living with HBsAg-positive parent s were independent risk factors for HBV transmission in a Turkish population Table 1.
Although the frequency of other proposed risk factors, such as dental visits, barber visits, blood transfusions, and surgery, was higher in the patient group, no significant difference was observed in the controls.
No patient reported homosexual activity, tattoos, narcotic use, intravenous drug use, or commercial sex work, suggesting that direct transmission through these routes is infrequent in Turkey. Nonetheless, these activities are predominant behaviors that are associated with HBV patients in many western countries.
This difference might be a reflection of the sociocultural characteristics of the Turkish population. Nevertheless, it is possible that some of our subjects might have been reluctant to declare such activities due to social concerns. More than half of our patients were young adults age range, years Figure 1. Hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo result may be due to the rising incidence of risk factors toward the end of https://greenhouse-coffee.com/4-casino/betkore-annda-canl-destek-talebi-75.php. In contrast, we noted a decrease in the number of patients aged in their 40s and a slight increase in those over 50 years accounted for primarily by hemodialysis patients Figure 1.
When independent risk factors were analyzed with respect to age and gender, living with HBsAg-positive parent s was a significantly predominant risk factor among patients aged under 30 years. We believed that this was most likely due to household transmission Table 2. Furthermore, hemodialysis was a significant risk factor for patients aged over 31 years Table 3possibly due to the increasing incidence of chronic renal diseases with age in our population.
We believed that this is a result attributed to the national vaccination program. Parents of these pediatric patients reported that they could not continue the vaccination program after the initial dose.
Son YazılarIn addition, no protective antibody titer was detected in these five children. We found that hemodialysis was the most significant risk factor for HBV transmission in our study. However, hemodialysis patients in Turkey are conventionally vaccinated against HBV.
Additionally, HBV-positive-labeled devices are not used for negative patients in large centers. The poor condition of facilities with dialysis units particularly in private health care centersthe few devices that are available to large populations, and the low adherence to infection control measures i.
Furthermore, a dialysis patient undergoes several rounds of dialysis until vaccinations are able to provide a protective antibody titer. Although it is rare, occult HBV infections among patients with chronic renal failure risk can contaminating HBV-negative-labeled devices [ 17 ]. When other risk-bearing activities, such as blood transfusions and surgery, were pooled with hemodialysis, nosocomial transmission of the pathogen was identified as one of the most hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo transmission modes in the studied population our population.
Therefore, our results suggest that nosocomial hygiene and infection control measures must be improved to reduce HBV transmission in Turkey. A total of 29 patients reported having an HBsAg-positive sexual partner.
Our statistical analysis revealed a significant predominance of this risk factor for women compared with male patients In fact, a number of laws that are designed to prevent the spread of communicable diseases in Turkey have been written over the past 10 years. For example, couples are asked undergo a number of blood tests e. Anyone who is found to be Bahissenin Adı Değiştirme Yorumu in such tests is directed to an infectious diseases resident to learn about the disease and infection control measures vaccinations, condom use, etc.
However, these activities do not provide adequate prevention against HBV transmission. For example, although a spouse is vaccinated, couples Adresini Bildirimlerde Bul betssen marry before protective immunity is established. In addition, in Turkey, due to its large traditional population and the hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo male dominance of social life, women often face considerable obstacles in following a regular vaccination program.
Interestingly, two young female patients whose husbands were HBsAg-positive reported that they had refused to be vaccinated because kronosslot Bölümü were worried that the vaccinations hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo cause them to lose their reproductive capacities before getting married.
A low educational level and superstitious populations might be the chief reasons for such problems. Additionally, many female patients reported that their HBV-positive husbands had simply chosen not to use condom. We believe that such characteristics of our cultural structure increase the risk of HBV transmission from males to females in our country. In Turkey, Kose et al. However, we selected only acute HBV patients in this study.
We believe that our method is likely to provide more accurate and current data, in contrast to chronic HBV patients with long histories. As there has been no successful treatment option for chronic patients, the principal strategy for controlling HBV infection is vaccination. The World Health Organization has recommended routine HBV vaccinations for newborns since In Turkey, recombinant HBV vaccine is available at primary care centers free of charge to any applicant, and a nationwide vaccination program has been in existence for the past 11 years.
This program entails the immunzation of all children at birth, vaccinations and immunoglobulin injections to the newborn if the mother is HBsAg-positive, and routine immunization of high-risk people e. In the United States, between andthe incidence of acute HBV infection declined from 8. However, the most significant decline in acute hepatitis B incidence occurred among persons aged years, from 3. In contrast, the Turkish Health Ministry reported that the incidence of the disease rose unexpectedly from 4.
We believe that despite the vaccination program, the increased sophistication of medical recording and reporting systems and the rising standards for assessments have merely clarified the actual status of HBV in the country. The World Health Organization categorizes HBV infection as an occupational disease for certain groups.
For 13 years, the Health Ministry has regulated HCWs for HBV vaccination and have recommended that they ensure that protective immunity has been provided. In this study, we hepbahis Ulaşın Betboo not identify any HCW with an acute HBV infection.
We believe that the highest compliance rates of HCWs with HBV vaccination programs are most likely due to their exposure to recurrent informational activities about the disease. The results of this study suggest that transmission of HBV takes place https://greenhouse-coffee.com/2-slot-game/bykus-ikayet-ediyor-mu-83.php via nosocomial routes in older patients and by sexual and household routes in younger patients in Turkey.
Such investigations are important for the identification of potential risk factors and the determination of high-risk groups and behaviours. Although the more than 10 years of the vaccination program has led to a remarkable decrease in the incidence of HBV infection among children and certain groups such as HCWsit is still not possible to claim that reliable protection has been achieved for the Turkish society.
Education of the public about the disease may reduce sociocultural resistance to preventive measures including vaccination activities. Providing a protective melbet Mobil titer in the early years of life may protect individuals against HBV acquisition, as will be determined soon.
Please cite this paper as: Ozer A, Yakupogullari Y, Beytur A, Beytur L, Koroglu M, Salman F, et al. Risk factors of hepatitis B virus infection in Turkey: A population-based, case-control study. Hepat Mon. Financial support: None declared.
Conflict of interest: None declared. Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. İletişim numaraları, yeni alan final, piabet Şikayetinde Yüksek Oranlar simply geçiş işlemi tamamlanır tamamlanmaz sağlanacaktır.
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